Blog
Insights on internet governance, digital policy and education from the LARUS Foundation.
How Address Resolution Protocol Works, Examples and Security Risks
Learn how ARP maps IPv4 to MAC addresses, how to inspect ARP tables, troubleshoot connection problems and reduce ARP spoofing risks.
What Is DNSSEC and How Does It Protect DNS?
Learn what DNSSEC is, how DNSKEY, DS and RRSIG records create a chain of trust, what DNSSEC protects against, and how it differs from DoH and DoT.
What Is a Default Gateway? How It Connects Your Local Network to the Internet
A default gateway is the network device or next-hop router that a computer uses when it needs to send traffic to a destination outside its directly connected network.
What Is Reverse DNS (rDNS) and Why Does It Matter?
Learn what reverse DNS is, how PTR records map IP addresses to hostnames, why rDNS matters for email, troubleshooting and network operations, and how IPv4 and IPv6 reverse DNS work.
What Is IP Geolocation and Why Can It Be Wrong?
Learn how IP geolocation works, why an IP address can show the wrong country or city, and how VPNs, mobile networks, IPv4 transfers and geolocation databases affect accuracy.
IPv4 Address vs MAC Address: What’s the Difference and How Do They Work Together?
Compare IPv4 and MAC addresses, how they work together with ARP, and how routers and switches use them across local and routed networks.
IP Address and ASN Continuity Planning: Enterprise Guide
Learn how enterprises can protect IPv4, IPv6 and ASN continuity by planning for registry access, BGP, RPKI, IPAM, DNS, provider changes, staff turnover and disaster recovery.
What Is BGP Multihoming? Benefits, Risks and How It Works
Learn how BGP multihoming connects a network to multiple Internet providers, how failover and traffic engineering work, and the benefits and risks for network resilience.
Why Do Websites Keep Asking If I’m a Robot?
Websites ask you to verify that you are human when their security systems need more confidence that a visit is legitimate
Why Is My IP Address Blocked? How to Identify the Cause and Restore Access
Your IP address may be blocked because a website applies an access rule, detects unusual activity or uses reputation data associated with your connection.
What Is an Internet Exchange Point (IXP)
Learn what an Internet Exchange Point is, how IXP peering works, the difference between peering and IP transit, and what 2026 data reveals about global Internet interconnection.
IPv4 Supply and Demand 2026: Prices, Transfers & Waiting Lists
Explore IPv4 supply and demand in 2026 through market pricing, transaction activity, transfers and RIR waiting lists—and why lower prices do not mean IPv4 demand has disappeared.